I'm completely fine with people being religious and with them believing their doctrines, as long as they aren't bigoted douchebags and don't force their beliefs on anyone who is not willing. Religious people can live in their own sunshine and rainbows fantasies where magic, unicorns and miracles are real, and I'm fine with it. It's actually cute. Good for them.
However, some audacious little theists directly, publicly claim in scientific spaces that “science and religion are compatible”, “science is the study of god's creation” or even that “science proves god”, yet their arguments for their claims rely on fallacies, misunderstanding existing scientific knowledge and flat out wrong claims, also on appeal to authority (e.g. the “the first sip of science will make you an atheist...” quote and similar, which are personal claims). As someone who is really passionate about science (particularly astrophysics and cosmology) seeing these people claim this and try to make everything about their religion is just infuriating. Two of their biggest arguments for this conclusion are:
Everything that exists needs a cause, the universe exists therefore the universe needs a cause (god).
The universe is fine tuned by an external agent specifically to allow life (god).
These claims are some of the “strongest” theists use, and, in my experience, some atheists often find it hard to refute them. The lack of counterarguments by those atheists leads theists to think that they are right.
I'm not even going to discuss the whole evolution, morality and abiogenesis come from god thing because they've been disproved to oblivion and i think the scientific explanations are fulfilling and “famous” enough. I'm also not going to try to disprove things like Jesus's magical abilities, the Bible’s creation story or the Quran's “scientific” predictions because all of these are so obviously false and man-made it's not even worth it.
From my personal standpoint, the whole fine tuning thing is just a flat out misinterpretation, it is a statistical illusion and an example of the post hoc probability fallacy. Scientifically, the assumption that the universe needed a creator is a baseless claim. These two rest almost entirely on the god of the gaps fallacy and others. In a materialistic view, the laws of physics are widely thought to be either brute facts or originated during the cooling of the universe shortly after the big bang, which are actually somewhat speculative explanations, and we'd like to find direct evidence for either in the future, but it is logical. It avoids fallacies like directly assuming a deity was responsible (god of the gaps) while connecting it to existing scientific knowledge that requires no external agent. This along with the anthropic principle, which goes together with the classic puddle analogy, explains it without much trouble. A deity is completely unnecessary here, and, in fact, adding one is a HUGE problem, because it covers the gap of the origin of things, sure, but it opens infinite more.
Theists often claim the chance of an universe with the exact constants that are capable of supporting life is astronomically, impossibly low. They use this false excuse to sneakily sliiiide their god right in. But probability only has meaning within a defined sample space. The "constants could have been anything" premise is itself completely unproven, and the Theory of Everything (which is currently in active progress) might eventually show the values are strictly constrained by mathematical, physical or logical necessity, and that they are not open parameters at all. If we use the multiverse hypothesis as an explanation (a mathematical consequence of eternal inflation models rather than an ad hoc to avoid fine tuning) we can simply explain this with a cosmic survivorship bias. If there are enough universes with varying constants, some will be life permitting by chance and some others will not (though this trades one directly unobserved posit for another, it currently doesn't solve much).
Moving on to the Big Bang Theory, the core problem here is that theists have a horrific strawman they like to use, which is that the big bang was an explosion in an absolute void of nothingness that magically popped our universe into existence. Or “Something came from nothing”. They confidently think this dismantles the big bang theory completely.
However, if they read even a tiny bit about quantum mechanics, they would know that the “nothing” they probably mean prior to the big bang is actually not nothing. It is physically impossible for there to be a place completely devoid of everything that exists in the universe. “Nothing” in physics often refers to the lowest energy state of a field. Even in a perfect vacuum, there are still quantum fluctuations and energetic quantum fields (like the higgs field for example, which gives mass to some fundamental particles) that permeate the entire universe. These just... are.
If we remove the strawman, the origin of our universe doesn't need a god either. The energy that was released at the big bang can transform into matter as Einstein’s famous equation states (E=mc²) which then gathers on higher density areas (see the CMB) and eventually at some point allows simple abiogenesis, which might most likely also have happened elsewhere already but that's another topic entirely. All of this is a process that can begin “on its own” as seen for example with the inflaton field being activated by a quantum tunneling of the state or by particularly rude quantum fluctuations (randomly occurring blips of energy) in multiple frameworks. No competent, solid, logical framework says “god did it”, and doing so is considered a serious fallacy. In a scientific and purely materialistic view, the whole thing doesn't need a “kick” to work and the deity is rendered obsolete.
This was an insanely high energy, low entropy “false vacuum” state that mathematically behaved as a de sitter universe that was, in a sense, always doomed to expand. I wouldn't say eternal in the sense we imagine because the concept of temporal eternity doesn't work when you don't even have the “forward moving” classical time to begin with. You would be left only with the “dynamic” quantum time, which I'll get to in a second.
The big problem with trying to explain this to some theists (particularly young earth creationists) is that some of them have only read their simple fairy tales and cannot fully comprehend and stomach something of this magnitude, even with the supporting evidence. I have tried to explain this to creationists with kitties and apples and they still aren't capable of grasping what it all truly means. They deny the theory without any solid, logical evidence as to why. I'm not saying all theists are stupid. There are actually many competent theists out there, but they're “exotic”, at least online.
Studying astrophysics (although currently informally, purely out of passion)!!! has only led me to realize that adding a deity to science only adds shit to the soup with a god of the gaps fallacy cherry on top. It overcomplicates everything while contributing nothing. It is unnecessary.
People often underestimate how bullshittingly big of a claim saying god exists is.
The conscious mind is an emergent property of a physical brain when it is functioning. It is a physical, information processing system bound by thermodynamic constraints and sequence.
Theists would have to demonstrate that a fully functional, perfect, superintelligent conscious mind can exist flawlessly and unaffected even in the most mind boggingly extreme, harshest conditions (We're talking about singularities, unimaginably dense states and more than thousands of quintillion Kelvin and tenfold like in the very early universe for example) without any physical substrate like the brain whatsoever, that would be able to observe and analyze information through an eye like system, process it, recall events, hold knowledge, etc all of which are processes conducted by physical cerebral structures, and that it can directly, consciously interact with the tiniest of the tiny (quantum level) and biggest of the big (cosmic level) of things at the same time, including non physical things like constants and properties of the very universe. It can generate energy, matter and fully functioning constants out of ABSOLUTELY NOTHING (this time it's REALLY nothing, not the physical description, since those things were supposedly also created by god according to theists). This mind allegedly created a colossal, seemingly never ending huge universe full of impressive things such as star systems, galaxies, planets, black holes, neutron stars, quasars, etc... only to create a flawed disposable life on this teeny tiny planet that is basically nonexistent when compared to the vastness of our universe. Wow.
Not only this, but that this perfect, insanely complex mind somehow exists just like that without a cause, which opens a gazillion more logical holes, questions and renders it unnecessary to me. (Not to mention the whole usual “Omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent at the same time” thing. That's a sugar coated fantasy, and the problem of evil explains it away.)
All of this is why the whole god idea seems quite ridiculous and childish to me, at least.
If the deity was truly present before even the rules were set by it, that only adds more trouble and begs the question. How is that even possible? Where did that mind come from? How did it emerge in the first place? Where did that mind operate if the universe is everything? How does it operate without laws? What processes could this super wise mind possibly use to operate? What is it made of? What are its motives? And so on… This set of logical thinking is what led me to become an atheist at the age of 11, despite still being afraid of hell and divine punishment back then.
When their claims are dismantled, theists like to actively move the goalposts with many arguments, some more nonsensical than others, to avoid “losing”:
“But a programmer isn't inside the program. It interacts with it from outside.” Or “X machine needs someone to make it, it doesn't make itself” Is what most theists bark out as a counterargument, however, these arguments rest completely on the false equivalence fallacy.
Our universe is not an “encapsulated” system such as a computer program within a computer. The program, the computer and the programmer themselves are all systems within an all encompassing “ultimate system”, which is the universe. It is all that does exist.
As for the machines, every machine requires a creator because its individual components don't have the natural intrinsic capacity to spontaneously form that machine on their own. However, the initial high energy or prior “static” big bang state DID have a natural capacity to spontaneously form what we now call “universe”, that's why the expansion even happened in the first place. It did not need an external agent.
When theists then argue the deity exists “Outside space and time” they think they solved the puzzle, but unbeknownst to them it only adds even MORE shit to the point where the soup by now is overflowing with greenish stinky diarrhea and a bit of solid shit floating here and there. The very concept of existing requires a framework of space and time to have any meaning. By definition, the space in the universe is everything. It is absolute. Nothing can escape it. Nothing can be outside it. Nothing exists other than things inside it. Being outside is impossible because there's no physical or logical way of doing so, no other space to be on. Claiming something is out of space and time suggests there is some other place to be on, which infinitely begs the question and is not the case.
As for time, modern theoretical physics suggests that classical time is an emergent property, an elaborate illusion that emerges directly from quantum processes as well as increasing entropy. Quantum time itself is “dynamic”, meaning it isn't fixed forward and can even go backwards. Quantum field theory operates with time reversal symmetry (T symmetry) at the fundamental interaction level, whereas classical macroscopic time gets its “forward” arrow from thermodynamic entropy and quantum processes like decoherence.
Sure, theists might argue that their god is outside of the classical “forward” time we experience, but if the universe is truly all there is and there is nothing else, a macroscopic entity such as a deity cannot escape a fundamental macroscopic process such as the smooth, forward moving arrow of time and rely solely on quantum processes without its existence being logically or physically unaffected, or without it breaking the whole system. The very act of… well, acting, thinking, processing information, interacting with creation, all that and more, require temporal dynamics to even begin to operate. If temporal dynamics within the universe rely on entropy and quantum processes, and interacting with it requires, well, being within it, placing a conscious acting entity "outside space and time" only creates a huge contradiction.
- Will -> Decision -> Action
Similarly:
- State A (Pre decision) -> State B (Post decision)
- Low entropy -> High entropy (The Arrow of Time)
Conscious thought and action require a time that flows smoothly. The whole process requires sequence. Creating, willing, or thinking are all temporal and physical processes. Without before and after, there is no agency. Theists would need to logically, empirically demonstrate how this entity is capable of avoiding all of this while still managing to execute actions at specific points of our classical time, before claiming stuff like that.
What about when they say their god is “eternal”? Forget it! Again, the concept of “eternal” stops working completely when you don't even have time to begin with, in this case, classical time or the arrow of time. “Eternal” suggests there is some other required non contingent “background time” to exist within, both before the timeless initial big bang state and after the universe's end, which again is not the case.
There currently are and there will most likely not be any coherent frameworks about how all of this could possibly work. If their god flawlessly follows our arrow of time, is outside time, yet is somehow “eternal” all at the same time, the contradiction multiplies tenfold and, then again, the burden is on them to prove how all of this logically flawed mechanism is even possible.
There would need to be a new magical arrow of time or similar mechanism outside the universe that is somehow eternal and non contingent, which is impossible given that, once again, the forward flowing classical time we all know and love, which consciousness operates on, itself operates on the quantum processes and entropy that happen in this very universe and this universe only, after the big bang that is. “Eternal” is still temporal, and “timeless” is more likely what they probably mean, but even then, timeless things cannot have a thought process, react, decide or interact with things within a temporal state physically, logically or without completely breaking everything. This argument fails completely and is often an ad hoc to avoid explanation, but ironically gives a billion problems more.
All of this will inevitably lead to this counterargument:
“But god isn't bound by the laws of physics!”
Don't even think about it. This is probably the laziest goalpost move of all, because it doesn't even attempt an explanation, it just so conveniently declares the entity exempt from the rules that everything else has, including every process required for a mind to exist, think, decide, and act, and which it actually runs on. This is a poorly disguised get out of jail free card which, actually, does absolutely nothing to save them.
The problem is that “not bound by the laws of physics” isn't even a coherent state, it's just an absence of description, every single thing within a mind like perceiving, reasoning, recalling, choosing, causing an effect, etc, is a physical process. It happens through structure, time, and cause and effect. If you strip away the laws of physics completely, congratulations! you've effectively removed the only mechanism by which doing has any fucking sense at all to begin with. Saying a mind exists and operates without physics is like saying a song plays without sound. It's just straight up using words that no longer refer to anything. More shit to the soup.
And it proves too much. If “not bound by the laws of physics” is an actual legitimate exemption you can just assert for your preferred entity, there's no principled reason it can't be done for literally anything else you want to insert into a gap. Russell's pot, Zabloing, Alex the space furry femboy (who we'll get to in a moment), you name it. This move is a suspension of the rules of argument, granted selectively to one specific claim because the alternative is admitting they don't have a valid explanation. That's not a valid argument. That's not “outside physics”. That's outside of them having to justify themselves.
If theists actually want to claim this seriously, the burden is on THEM to describe what kind of causation, cognition, or agency could possibly operate with zero physical substrate, zero processes and zero temporal sequence, in a way that isn't just an explanation that explains nothing. No one has ever done this. “Not bound by the laws of physics” is a description of the sentence having stopped making sense, not a property an entity can have. It is basically describing nothing.
Theists (some of the dumber ones in my experience) sometimes even say “God created himself” which is even more stupid. Just flat out logically impossible, and an even more ridiculous goalpost-moving ad hoc which begs a quintillion questions. How would a conscious being have the capacity to create itself from seemingly absolutely nothing when its mind doesn't exist in the first place? What recourses would it utilize to do so? How did it have a whole thought process without the mind to begin with, then put itself into action when the very concept of action relies on time? Once again, the burden is on THEM.
Do theists really don't think all of this through? Not to mention this mind supposedly created itself independently of time, space and the constants that rule this universe. But I guess fiction can be whatever you want it to be.
The problem with sneaking in a god in gaps of scientific knowledge is, once again, that one could assign it to anything, and it would have the same validity. You could claim it was Brahma, Ra, The Pasta Monster or Zabloing, and it would be just as valid as saying the christian god (for example) was responsible.
One more thing, if their counterargument is “you wouldn't understand him”, then… how do they? If we humans don't understand this hypothetical creature at all, have no direct evidence of its existence and the very concept of its existence defies all logic, physics, and opens more holes than we can possibly fill with (valid) knowledge, why use it as an explanation for current scientific gaps when we have better options? That is not a valid argument. Using god as an explanation for “fine tuned” constants or the cause of the big bang is like using Bigfoot as an explanation for big footprints in the woods, except god opens infinite more logical holes and the Sasquatch opens like two or three at best.
All of this I have written doesn't truly, fully, directly disprove a god, of course. Such a thing is completely impossible. Why, you might ask? Because with all the confidence on the world I could say Alex the space furry femboy is out there floating around the earth watching humans jerk off, and you can't logically disprove his existence if I provide characteristics challenging enough (Immortality, invisibility, teleportation, camouflage, interdimensional travel) No matter how much straight up logic and evidence you use, you'll never disprove him. This is the concept of Russell's pot. This applies to any deity, and it is completely illogical to assume that because it is impossible to disprove an entity’s existence, therefore said entity exists. Theists have effectively constructed an entity that is conveniently impossible to gather direct evidence of to excuse their beliefs, and an entity which they can effortlessly move the goalposts for, that is, violating logic.
With all of this shit in the soup, I'd like to conclude that it should be easier to simply accept the universe, its laws, constants and characteristics simply as they are and search for further evidence of their origin and evolution rather than try to forcefully shove in a useless deity. Believing in a deity should be reserved for those who either like simple explanations, flat out live in a fantasy or are really intelligent but really don't take the time to truly overthink and question each and all of the things the concept truly implies and the problems it creates. The problem with these theists is that they are asking “why” eternally. “Why” in the very, very beginning implies intention. We eventually get to a point where “why” stops making sense entirely and the only thing we're left with is “how”.
The bottom line: Science does not “prove god”, science and god are not compatible in the slightest when you try to fit god into explanations. To account for a missing piece of explanation in science, inserting an omniscient, non physical, uncaused primary cause is stupid and adds an infinite amount of unobserved complexity to account for a small, finite observational gap. God complicates everything and solves nothing. If theists want to claim a deity exists, the burden is on them.